公文中高頻詞“全面”怎么翻譯？

“全面”一詞在政府公文中十分常見，沒有放之四海皆準(zhǔn)的譯法，但還是要根據(jù)具體語境和意義選詞。

以下例句均出自十九大報(bào)告雙語。

“全面”一詞一般和動(dòng)作搭配，修飾動(dòng)作，比如“全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)”、“全面深化改革”。最常見的譯法是處理成狀語，比如in all respects/areas, on all fronts, in every respect/dimension, across the board，或者副詞：

全面建成小康社會(huì) build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects

全面深化改革 deepen reform in all areas

全面從嚴(yán)治軍 govern the military with strict discipline in every respect

改革全面發(fā)力、多點(diǎn)突破、縱深推進(jìn) We have taken moves across the board, achieved breakthroughs in many areas, and made deeper progress in reform.

推動(dòng)形成全面開放新格局 make new ground in pursuing opening up on all fronts/in all areas

全黨要深刻領(lǐng)會(huì)新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì)主義思想的精神實(shí)質(zhì)和豐富內(nèi)涵，在各項(xiàng)工作中全面準(zhǔn)確貫徹落實(shí)。Everyone in the Party should develop a good grasp of the essence and rich implications of the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and fully and faithfully apply it in all our work.

我國物質(zhì)文明、政治文明、精神文明、社會(huì)文明、生態(tài)文明將全面提升。New heights are reached in every dimension of material, political, cultural and ethical, social, and ecological advancement.

這句話中，“全面”表示的是物質(zhì)、政治、精神、社會(huì)、生態(tài)等各個(gè)方面的文明，所以用了in every dimension of...，每一個(gè)維度方面都有提升advancement.

全面實(shí)施市場準(zhǔn)入負(fù)面清單制度 We will introduce a negative list for market access nationwide.

這句話中要注意的是，“全面”并不是針對(duì)實(shí)施力度，而是針對(duì)實(shí)施的范圍，是全國范圍內(nèi)的，所以處理為nationwide。

這些動(dòng)作也經(jīng)常處理為名詞，比如最常見的efforts, steps，所以“全面”也相應(yīng)地處理為形容詞，比如comprehensive, all-round, overall，修飾經(jīng)名詞化處理的動(dòng)作。

比如：上個(gè)部分有一句：

全面深化改革，也可以這樣翻譯：take comprehensive steps to deepen reform

堅(jiān)持全面從嚴(yán)治黨 exercise full and rigorous governance over the Party

全面節(jié)約資源有效推進(jìn)Across-the-board efforts to conserve resources have seen encouraging progress

牢牢掌握憲法和基本法賦予的中央對(duì)香港、澳門全面管治權(quán) We have ensured that the central government exercises its overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong and Macao as mandated by China's Constitution and the basic laws of the two special administrative regions.

全面推進(jìn)中國特色大國外交 We have made all-round efforts in the pursuit of major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics

全面加強(qiáng)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo) We have made sweeping efforts to strengthen Party leadership

推動(dòng)人的全面發(fā)展、社會(huì)全面進(jìn)步 promote well-rounded human development and all-round social progress

值得注意的是，這個(gè)all-round經(jīng)常用來形容人的能力很全面，比如：培養(yǎng)德智體美全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)者和接班人 nurture a new generation of capable young people who have a good and all-round moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetical grounding and are well-prepared to join the socialist cause

有時(shí)候，文件里喜歡用一些縮略語，比如“三個(gè)代表”、“四個(gè)全面”。此時(shí)不能簡單照字面翻譯為four comprehensives，而要把縮略的搭配詞補(bǔ)充翻譯出來，作為“全面”的修飾對(duì)象，就比如這個(gè)“四個(gè)全面”：

the four-pronged comprehensive strategy: to make comprehensive moves to finish building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, deepen reform, advance law-based governance, and strengthen Party self-governance

當(dāng)然，也有時(shí)候“全面”一詞并沒有直接體現(xiàn)，而是和它搭配的動(dòng)詞一起用用一個(gè)英文動(dòng)詞高度概括了出來，比如：

社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主全面展開 Socialist consultative democracy is flourishing.

這個(gè)“全面展開”主要體現(xiàn)的就是熱火朝天的動(dòng)作勢(shì)頭，用flourish一詞概括了。